COMPUTER HEALTH AND SAFETY

Computer health and safety is necessary to keep the system in good condition. The system should be kept in the appropriate place where it could get fresh air and temperature. Excessive temperature can harmed the system so it should be kept in appropriate place. We should protect the system from the dust particles. Regular back up of crucial document and file is necessary in order to protect from the loss of data. updated anti-virus program should be installed to the system to protect from the access of malicious and spy ware programs(which has the destructive nature).so these types of precautions should be followed to keep the computer in the proper condition. Noise is an inevitable part of the office life, and most of us are able to filter out and ignore sounds, which mean little to us. Noise becomes a nuisance when it exceeds levels, which we can ignore, even when the content of the sound is irrelevant to what we are doing. Our ability to hear serves primarily as a means of communication between individuals, but it has a secondary role as an alarm mechanism. Unexpected, unfamiliar or loud noises trigger hand to the interpretation of sound and preparation of an appropriate response. if this happens regularly, it becomes more difficult to concentrate. Being in a constant state of mild alarm is also exhausting, making comparatively mild noise levels distracting during the office work.

PROCESSOR

Actually the brain of computer is known as the processor because processor interprets the entered data and gives the result back. The processing speed of computer depends upon the varieties of processor. Intel core, AMD and NVIDIA are the processors which are found in the market. Intel core i7 is the latest processor which has high processing speed around 3 MHz. the operations, a microprocessor performs are called the instruction set of this processor. Processors differ from one to another by the instruction set. If the same program can run on two different computer brands they are said to be the compatible. Programs written for IBM compatible computer will not run on an apple computer because these two architecture are not compatible.

Mainframes are early minicomputers contained circuit boards full of integrated circuits cards that implemented the central processing unit. Todays single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, make personal computers and workstations possible. The CPU has the ability to fetch, decode, and execute instructions and transfer information to and from other resources over the computer main data transfer path, the bus. By defination, the CPU is the chip that functions as the "brain" of the computer. In some instances, however the main computer console (as opposed to peripheral equipment).

MOTHERBOARD

Motherboard is one of the main part of computer system whole system parts and cables are attached with the board so it is one of the crucial and reliance part of computer therefore it is called motherboard. Motherboard is categorized in two types they are

Pin and pin less. Pin less motherboard are expensive than the pin one. Motherboard also can be further categorized as ATX and BTX on the basis of SMPS. IBM decided that there are two types of technologies, which were being used to make personal computer they are:
(1)bus based computers
These bus based computers have used the main board as the backbone of the computer system. This bus board contains number of buses through which the data can be sent from one place to another and it also contains the number of slots onto which we can connect various different devices. Mainly the expansion cards are connected onto the expansion slots. In this types of bus based computer there are three buses.
1address bus
2data bus
3control bus
(2) single board based computers
The other approach in the computer design is a single board based systems. These types of boards are easy to manufacture and design and it is less expensivethan bus based type of computer. the video games computers and home computers are generally this types of system. In these systems we, cannot connect any other additional devices
There is no scope or having of upgrading or adding any new device introduce in the market to these systems. In these systems if any of the component fails, the user will have to discard the complete circuit board means that we cannot repair its any of the component.

TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is also one of the great discover in the field of technology. People can share their information through the help of telecommunication. Large no of people can talk at the same time from the different location of the world because the introduction of telecommunication. Large no of tower are have been erected in the rural areas, Town, hill and on those place where telecommunication are essential. Networks are building up with concept of telecommunication. Different telecommunication center are providing the internet to subscribers. Networking is the process of connecting one computer terminal with others . a communication system that enables many users can be called a network or we can say network is a communication system , which interconnects many users who have something in common, either with respect to the type of data being sent or to the geographic areas that the users cover. Networks can be used between computers. Today organizations use networks in all possible ways. Depending on the application, the network needs different speed, degree of reliability, and cost. One of the largest networks in the world is at NASA. This network combines all of the world wide space tracking stations, the NASA research facilities, and the NASA operational offices. data from any location can be instantly sent to any other ,as can memos, messages, and conversations. multiple nodes  of the computer, which are connected with each other are called computer network. A computer network is created when several computers and terminal are connected together by a data communication system.

COMPUTER GAMES

Computer games are made for the entertainment. It is the mostly incredible for those who are the freak of computer games. Computer games are also one of the source points for getting tremendous entertainment due to its graphics, simulation and animated motion. Computer
Games have occupied the space to create a amusing environment in the field of entertainments. computer games are fantastic . it is noticed that the computer games were started in the 1970 when the earliest computer video games such as pond appeared in the bars and gaming arcades. The video games came to the living rooms with the advent of atari, nintendo an sega console game players which are special purpose computers. Games soon migrated to the personal computers and from there, to the internet.there are various computer ganmes that runs on various platform.computer games are mostly used as a source of entertaintment so it many bars used to keep computer games to attract the mind of children and other people.computer games is one of the software that is made from the various components.it needs a group work to release.somer of the group are responsible for programming, some for graphic editing,sound effects,animation and finally for testing and implementing.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE

Robotics, animated movies are the example of the artificial intelligence. According to the investigators computer can understand the human language and ambiguities of people. It is an advanced concept of computer science that studies how human thinks and then attempts to apply that knowledge in hardware and software to give computer similar capabilities. Areas of research include speech and pattern recognition the ability to perform language translation, natural language processing, the ability to learn from previous experience, and ability to reason under the conditions providing only incomplete information. Practical applications for AI range from medical diagnostics to computer configuration and the interpretation of oil well logging data. In artificial intellegence, problem solving and decision making system that uses a computer representation derived from the knowledge and experience of a human expert called expert system. An expert system consist two parts the domain or database of factual knowledge about the subject, and a set of rules that provide a method of using that knowledge.
Expert systems are usually confined to a very narrow area of expertise. This is also known as rule based system

RAM

Static ram (SRAM)
This ram will maintain its data as long as power is provided to the memory chips. It does not need to be re-written periodically. In fact, the only time the data on the memory is refreshed or changed is when an actual write command is executed. SRAM is very fast, but is much more expensive than DRAM. SRAM is often used as cache memory due to its speed. There are few types of SRAM:
.Async (SRAM)
An older types of SRAM used in many pcs fofr L2 cache. It is asynchronomous, meaning that it works independently of the system clock. This means that the cpu found itself waiting for info from the L2 cache.
.SYNC SRAM
This types of ram is synchronomous, meaning its synchronized with the system clock. While this speeds it up, it makes it rahther expensive at thee same time.
.Pipeline burst SRAM
Commonly used. SRAM requests are pipelined, meaning larger packets of data re sent to the memory et once, and acted on very quickly.this breed of SRAM can operate at bus speeds higher than 66mhz, so is often used.

E-commerce

E-commerce is one of the hot issues in today IT generation. E-commerce has brought the wide world of trade and commerce small. People can promote their business through the help of internet. Industrialist and traders can sell their product in the wide trade and commerce of world
One can enhanced their business and run smoothly in the market of trade and commerce.foreign traders can run their business in the wide form across the whole country.E-commerse has become the popular since it has made the way of trading the products easiest,fastiest and comfortable. people can shop for the stuff and other necessary materials  through online shopping fascility of E-commerse. nowdays people are getting marriage or engaging through the net.small firm can trade their business in the world of trade. they can sale their products,advertised their products in an easiest way.people can transfer and deposit their amount through the on-line banking service.most of the people are roaming around th online job.they are fullfilling their desire just by seating at their home and doing the daily job.people can receive the money from the foreign company or any institute from where they are working.

SOFTWARE

Software is that one of the essential things which are installed inside the computer memory called hard disk. And can not be touched, see and feel. It is the one of the medium to solve our problem. It is the integrated parts of computer that works mutually with the hardware to interpret some raw data and helps to show the result through the hardware component like monitor. We can find different types of software in the market like tailored software, utility software, packaged software. Ms-dos is also one of the old software which was used in earlier time. Ms-dos stand for the Microsoft disk operating system. it is the popular operating system software, designed by the Microsoft corporation company for the users of IBM and its compatible computers. It is developed for the disk drives. It is a text user interface. All commands and correct syntax has to keep in the mind and all are in text form.
Operating system is a silent partner when you are using the computer. A computer is nothing but a dead machine without the operating system. computer cannot be initialized or be ready to work with unless it loads system files of DOS.
Its main function is to establish the relationship between hardware and software and provide an executable environment to the software inside the system. Out of this it also allows user to communicate with the computer by the through the command of Dos . thus it is interpreter between hardware and software, and provides working environment to the users. It also controls the hardware, such as mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer etc. dos is limited largely due to its age. It was released in 1981 and designed for very old cpu like intel 80086. it provides character based user interface and does not support advanced OS features like multitasking and multiprocessing. Dos was quite popular till 1995. in 1995 Microsoft released a complete GUI based multitasking and multiprocessing operating system called windows 95 which included the dos as its component

HARDWARE

Hardware is that component of computer that we can touch, feel and see. It is the physical part of the computer .it needs electricity in order to run smoothly. Computer is the combination of various hardware materials like monitor, cpu, keyboard, cables, motherboards, chips etc hardware parts are expensive compare to the software. The internal parts of computer are most sensible. One should be careful while checking the internal parts of computer because if one part of the computer is mismatch then computer starts to act strange and the application may not be worked properly. Hardware concludes the following contains:
TV turner card
A TV turner card is a computer component that allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most tv turners also function as video capture card, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk. TV turners are available as PCI-bus expansion card or USB devices. The trend is towards USB devices. In addition, some video cards double as tv turners, notably the ATA all-In-Wonder series. The card contains receiver, demodulators and an analog –to-degital converter for analog tv. Many cards are limited to the radio frequencies and video formats used in the country of sale. However, many TV turners used in computer use DSP, so a firmware upgrade is often all that`s necessary to change the supported video format. Many new tv turners have flash memory big enough to hold the firmwares for decoding several different video formats, making it possible to use the turner in many countries without having to flash the firmware.